CARNOTITE 


The Principal Source of Radium 



BY 

THOMAS F. V. CURRAN 
1913 . 

/ 













COPYRIGHT BY 

CURRAN & HUDSON 

1913 . 

ENTERED AT STATIONERS HALL. LONDON 

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 


PRESS OF 

MERRITT • HANFLING. INC 
NEW YORK 


©CI.A361251 




CARNOTITE 

h 

The Principal Source of Radium 


BY 

THOMAS F. V. CURRAN 

1913. 



■> > 


CURRAN & HUDSON 

T. F. V. CURRAN, JOHN H. HUDSON JR. 

171 WEST I Oth ST. 

NEW YORK, N. Y. 

DEALERS IN 

RADIUM PRODUCTS, RADIO ACTIVEORES, 

CARNOTITE, VANADIUM, 

URANIUM ORES AND RARE MINERALS 










t 


CARNOTITE. 

By Thomas F. V. Curran. 



Carnotite is probably an alteration product of pitchblende and 
is the mineral whence the major portion of the radium supply is 
derived. 

HISTORY. 

It was discovered by Charles Poulot, late in 1887 or early 
in 1888, along Roc Creek (or possibly La Sal Creek) Western 
Montrose County, Colorado. In the beginning small lots were 
shipped to a little wooden shed near the east end of Champa 
Street, Denver, where the ore was treated by Poulot and E. 
Cumenge, chemists associated with M. Voilleque in the rare 
metals business in Denver. 

Poulot traveled extensively through Colorado and acquired 
a pitchblende deposit in Gilpin County, which he sold to 
Roman Catholic Bishop Macheboeuf of Denver; the latter died 
in 1890 and bequeathed it to his successor, Bishop Matz, who 
sold it in 1912 to Senator Dupont for $10,000. Poulot was 
interested also in the Tungsten deposits of Boulder County. 

The business was kept quite secret; however, Rev. A. W. 
Forstall, S. J., professor of chemistry of College of the Sacred 
Heart, Denver (which college opened in 1888), soon became ac¬ 
quainted with Poulot and helped in some of the analytical 
‘ ‘.work on the ores. 

c e C 

The Uranium-Vanadium mineral was named Carnotite, in 
1888, by Mr. Poulot, at the suggestion of Mr. Cumenge, in 
honor of Marie Francois Sadi Carnot, who was born at 
Limoges in 1837, became President of France Dec. 3, 1887, and 
died (assassinated) at Lyons in 1894. He was a graduate of 
the Stud. Politechnique, and a modest scientist until the na¬ 
tional catastrophe of 1870 caused him to enter politics as a 
duty to France. 

The ore was treated in such manner as to produce a crude 
form of combined oxides of Uranium and Vanadium, and 
shipped to France. There the Vanadium was extracted and 
used in the South of France for coloring fine silks, while the 
Uranium content was used in tinting of porcelains, glass, etc. 
It is supposed that the Rothschilds of St. Denis (France) were 
in some way connected with the business. 


( 2 ) 




In the spring of 1899 Poulot built a small three stage mill 
in the McIntyre mining district of San Miguel County, along 
the Dolores river, and operations were placed in charge of 
M. M. C. Freidel and E. Cumenge. The upper stage of the 
mill contained a large floor for storing ore, also the feeder of 
a ten-ton Krupp ball mill. The second stage held three low 
leaching tanks, each about 10 feet in diameter, a Krupp ball 
mill, a 30 horse-power upright boiler and a 10 horse-power 
upright engine. The lowest stage contained one low and 
three high precipitation tanks and a small chemical laboratory. 
The total cost of the mill was about $8,000. The ore milled 

aggregated about 355 tons; the output of Uranium oxide 15,- 

* - •* 

000 pounds. Work was abandoned in the summer of 1901. . 

In the fall of 1902 experiments were conducted on several 
tons of low grade ore, but discontinued a few months later and 
were not resumed. 

In the spring of 1903 a concern known as Western Refining 
Co. used the Engle-Haynes extraction process and milled 
about 140 tons of ore, obtaining about 2,500 pounds of Ura¬ 
nium concentrates. The same process was employed in 1905 
by the Dolores Refining Co., which erected a mill about a 
mile from the old mill. Its period of operation was brief. Re¬ 
cently this process, only slightly modified, has been patented 
in this country, but not by its originators. 

Thereafter the Carnotite industry was dormant until the 
fall of 1909, when the General Vanadium Company of America, 
of Baltimore, purchased and began operating a number of 
prospects along the south side of the East Paradox Valley; 
among these were such well-known producers as the Jodandy, 
Canary Bird, Blackburn, Hummer and Valley View lodes; 
initially, all were operated for the Vanadium values of the ore. 
Early in 1910 the writer induced Radium makers in England, 
France and Germany to experiment earnestly with Carnotite; 
a strong and steady demand soon was developed for Carnotite 
for Radium extraction. 

NATURE. 

Carnotite is a canary yellow powder, or slightly cohering 
mass or yellow stain in rock crevices or in sandstone and com¬ 
posed principally of potassium uranyl vanadate and small 
quantities of barium and calcium. (Potassium has a specific 
radio-activity, although it seems to emit only Beta rays of pen- 


etrating' power about equal to those of Uranium, but of elec¬ 
trical effect of only about 1/1000 of the Uranium Beta rays.) 
Sometimes the Uranium values are in the form of a finely pul¬ 
verulent carnotite filling the interstices of soft grey sandstone; 
at others it may be encountered as an impregnation permeat¬ 
ing even the sand particles. The sandstone varies in texture 
and hardness, from extreme coarseness to the opposite; some¬ 
times it is very hard, though usually it is soft and friable. 

Siegfried Fischer says “Absolutely pure carnotite is exceed¬ 
ingly hard to obtain, due to its nature and occurrence. While 
many chemical formulas have been given to it, none of them has 
been definitely accepted. However, it seems to be established 
that it is a vanadate of uranium and potassium. The complexity 
of carnotite will be shown best by quoting two complete analyses 
by W. F. Hillebrand : 



Per cent. 

Per cent. 

uo,. 

. 54.89 

54.00 

p,0 5 . 

. 0.80 

0.05 

As.,Oo . 


None 

AIT). 

. 0.09 

0.29 

V„b a . 

. 18.49 

18.05 

Fe.X), .. 

. 0.21 

0.42 

CaO . 

. 3.34 

1.86 

SrO. 

. 0.02 

Trace 

BaO . 

. 0.90 

2.83 

MgO . 

. 0.22 

0.14 

KoO. 

. 6.52 

5.46 

Na.O. 

. 0.14 

0.13 

Li 2 0 . 


Trace 

H.,0, 105° . 

.. 2.43 

3.16 

H„0, 350° . 

. 2.11 

2.21 

PbO . 

. 0.13 

0.07 

CuO . 

. 0.15 

brace 

MoO. 

. 0.18 

0.05 

SiO, . 

. 0.15 

0.20 

TiO. 

. 0.03 

? 

CO. 

. 0.56 

None 

Insoluble . 

. 7.10 

10.33 


98.46 

99.25 


( 4 ) 


























Here a word may be said as to Uranium, the most im¬ 
portant constituent of Carnotite. Uranium is silver white 
when fused, grey black when powdered, somewhat malleable 
and nearly as hard as steel. It oxidizes in air more vigorously 
upon heating and is soluble in dilute sulphuric acid and hydro¬ 
chloric acid. Its principal oxide is U : > O s , which is soluble 
in hydrochloric, sulphuric and nitric acids; contains 84.85 °/o 
Uranium. S. G. 7.193. Uranium compounds were first 
isolated by Klaproth in 1789 out of pitchblende and autinite. 
The metal was isolated in 1840 by Peligot. Radio-activity in 
Uranium was discovered by Bequerel in 1896. Radium was 
isolated in 1908 by Professor and Mme. Curie. 

OCCURRENCE. 

As to the better known Carnotite ore formations. The 
Dolores, or red beds, are the lowest formation visible in the 
canyons, which are followed by the La Plata sandstones, above 
which occurs a series of thin bedded sandstones with shales, 
this strata being practically horizontal, and contains the Car¬ 
notite. Sometimes conglomerates are found in this strata, 
though rarely, and apparently foreign to the strata. The ele¬ 
vation above sea level of the highest determined mine is 6,700 
feet; it may be noted that the Carnotite deposits along Atkin¬ 
son Creek, only about eight miles north from this mine, are 
only 5,400 feet above sea level, and there are mines in Utah as 
low as 4,500 feet above sea level. 

So far as investigation has progressed, it is safe to say that 
the best Carnotite deposits are in Colorado, and are found in 
Western Montrose County, in Long Park, Bull Canyon, Jo- 
dandy Hill, Club Ranch, Hydraulic, Atkinson Creek, Tabe- 
quache Creek, Lion Creek, Roc Creek; deposits occur also in 
Mesa County, near Gateway; in San Miguel County in the 
McIntyre mining district, near Cedar; also in Dolores, Routt 
and Rio Blanco Counties. In Utah the ore is found in Grand, 
Emery and San Juan Counties. It occurs also at Radium Hill, 
near Olary, in the Flinders Range of South Australia, and in 
Central Turkestan, and is reported in Spain and near Guarda, 
Portugal. 

The extent of the American Carnotite field is very large, 
probably several thousand square miles; the writer has ex¬ 
amined considerable of this large region, but generally has 
found the ore in small patches only and of a grade less than 


( 5 ) 


one per cent. U 3 0 8 , with the exception of a small section 
bounded on the north by the La Sal mountains, along La Sal 
Creek, and on the south by Big Canyon, which is about three 
miles north of “The Glades” ridge in San Miguel County, 
which latter contains a very thick deposit of bituminous coal. 
The commercially important deposits in this small area, which 
is only about 50 miles long and not over 15 miles wide, are 
not numerous, and it is obvious that the practice of skimming 
off and shipping only ores running over 2 per cent. U 3 O s con¬ 
tent cannot continue long. 

The Paradox Valley, closely associated with the recent his¬ 
tory and occurrence of Carnotite, is a basin (that may have 
been the bed o f a sunken lake), about three miles wide and 
twenty-eight miles long, nestling at the bottom of the jagged, 
scarred and eroded mesa ranges, reaching above the valley 
about 1,700 feet. The entrance is made as the stage road turns 
over the western brow of Coke Ovens Hill, six miles west of 
Naturita. (Coke Ovens Hill contains deposits of coking coal 
and here coke was made some years ago for the smelter of the 
locally famous Cashin copper-silver mine, on La Sal Creek, 22 
miles westerly.) Two or three miles from this entrance point, 
the wagon road to Long Park debouches northwesterly, as¬ 
cending the mesa’s foothills five miles, thence Long Park 
stretches in a shallow basin six miles, merging into the series 
of corrugated ridges and canyons, beginning with Hiero¬ 
glyphic Canyon, and ending at Saucer Basin, that ensue until 
the Dolores river is reached seven miles west at its juncture 
with the Rio San Miguel. 

Bisecting the Paradox Valley, the sluggish Dolores river 
wends its serpentine way in a northerly direction, following 
the course of the high snowclad La Sal mountains that form 
the western end of the valley. Since the valley proper runs 
easterly and westerly, or at right angles to the course of the 
river, the valley is called “Paradox.” In passing it may be 
observed that the general direction of Paradox Valley is prac¬ 
tically the same as the San Miguel river, which empties into 
the Dolores near Hydraulic. Many theories are advanced as 
to the formation of this valley, one being that the mesa at one 
time extended from Long Park across what is now the valley 
to the top of Jodandy Mine Hill or the Monogram Flat, that 
internal gases caused it to raise into a low ridge, and upon the 


( 6 ) 


subsidence of these gases the ridge became a valley with 
abrupt, sheared sides. The upward tilt, of about ten degrees, 
to the sandstone formation towards the valley, from both its 
north and its south side, is pointed out. Another theory is 
that tremendous erosion resulted in the valley, but the forma¬ 
tion makes this improbable. In the McIntyre district there 
are evidences that the old bed of the Dolores was about 800 
feet above its present bed, and, as a rule, 800 feet—is the mean 
elevation of Carnotite beds above the existing river beds. No 
topographical map has been made of the Carnotite ore belt, 
and without it little progress will be made in the study of 
this formation. 

The ore extracted from the Carnotite deposits on the south 
side of the valley is packed on burros to the stage road, at a 
cost of about two dollars per ton. Here are situate the “Mono¬ 
gram” group of claims, owned by a Pittsburgh concern; this 
group consists of possibly thirty claims; the ore is found under 
a cap of rock usually not more than ten feet thick, and this 
underlying a few feet of surface soil. The quality of the ore 
is fairly good, and the quantity satisfactory. The ore must 
be hand-picked carefully to yield an average shipping grade 
of two per cent., U 3 O^. (However, this observation can be 
made truthfully of all other deposits, except of some solution- 
enriched pockets of ore that may be encountered here and 
there in the Carnotite region.) To the east is found the Jo- 
dandy group of about ten claims, and the Thunderbolt group; 
all these show the effect of the “skimming” and “gophering” 
mining that has been practiced. Indubitably, under a wise 
trade policy practically all the ore found on these mine dumps 
would have been shipped and yielded the shipper a fair profit. 

As has been said before, the north side of Paradox Valley 
is the flat basin known as Long Park, which latter is enclosed 
in saw-tooth hills that rise some three hundred feet above the 
basin floor. The south border of this basin is the upper ridge 
of the northern wall of Paradox Valley. The northern boun¬ 
dary merges into the sloping south canyon walls of the swirl¬ 
ing, rushing San Miguel river, on£ of the swiftest streams in 
the West. Running stringer-like from the south rim of Long 
Park basin in a northeasterly direction are the hog-backs that 
contain the Carnotite. Practically all these have strata of the 
yellow ore, dipping towards the San Miguel river, some three 


( 7 ) 



GENERAL VIEWS OF THE CARNOTITE COUNTRY 


miles northeasterly and a thousand feet below. The promi¬ 
nent Carnotite claims are the Maggie C, which is patented, the 
Swindler, Cripple Creek, Hope, Media, Jack Angle, Park Nos. 
1, 2 and 3, the Great Western, Honeymoon, Vanadate, Bryan, 
North Star, Sunday and Nucla; all are connected by wagon 
road to the Paradox Valley stage road. The trip may also be 
made by automobile. 

The west border of Long Park is, as has been stated, Hier¬ 
oglyphic Canyon, which ends at the San Miguel river near 
Club Ranch. Various claims are scattered along the Canyon 
walls, and upon the flat bench overlooking the south side of 
the San Miguel river is situate the "Yellow Jacket" group, that 
shows an apparent abundance of the yellow ore under a cap of 
rock and earth usually not more than four feet. Again, the 
ore must be hand sorted to yield an average of 2 per cent. 
CL Og. On the north side of the San Miguel river are several 
prospects that should be of the same character as the Yellow 
Jacket group, but little work has been done, however. About 
a mile further down the river and on the same or north side, 
is Atkinson Creek, and here considerable prospecting has been 
done. The "Big Mitt" that lies for 1,500 feet along the bench 
above the west bank of the creek, has had the ore exposed in 
eight places. The "Ruth Ellen" shows in the location shaft 
several feet thickness of ore averaging much higher than ordi¬ 
nary shipping grade. The "Club No. 2" also shows excellent 
ore along the outcrop for several hundred feet. Further south 
and west, across the San Miguel river, is Saucer Basin, which 
is at the juncture of the Dolores and the San Miguel. Here 
is the "Clift" claim, one of the best producers in the whole 
Carnotite region, with apparently not another Carnotite claim 
within several miles. 

Along the west bank of Dolores river are a number of 
claims that are being developed and from which several car¬ 
loads of ore have been shipped. On this side also is Roc 
Creek, along the top of which is Carpenter Flats, where the 
ore may be found at the very grass roots in the "Park Belle” 
claim. Here also are Yellow Liner, Yellow Clara, Yellow 
Cycle and Olympic Lodes. Along Lion Creek are the "Con¬ 
fusion,” Vista Grande, Lion Creek and Canyon View, which 
all have been developed enough to show them as of impor¬ 
tance. Along La Sal Creek is the "Yellow Bird" group, 


( 9 ) 


famous in Poulot's day, and further south the “Kent” and 
"Bonanza” claims, the first named in honor of the great Eng¬ 
lish vanadium authority, J. Kent Smith, and which shows a 
tunnel some 70 feet long cut the entire distance through a 3- 
foot thick blanket of Carnotite ore. 

Bull Canyon has about 40 claims. This region is much 
eroded, the sandstone is very hard, and the ore strata quite 
irregular and pockety, but with good bunches of ore showing 
occasionally. The Batchelor group and the Black Fox may be 
mentioned, as also the Wedding Bell and the Sunrise. 

A few miles south of Bull Canyon, along the Dolores river, 
are found the Stephens mines, which are on fiat benches akin 
to the "Yellow Jacket” bench along the San Miguel river. 
From one of these benches several carloads of Carnotite of 
grade averaging more than 3% U 3 O s .has been taken. The 
occurrence seems to be in the bed of an ancient creek, and in 
a pay-stratum of about one foot thick. Overlying this was 
a blackish-grey stained sandstone layer three feet thick, and 
above it a continuation of the same layer, but not stained, of 
about two feet, this latter being at the surface. Some three 
miles south is Big Canyon, along which are some 40 claims 
belonging to the owners of the new Uranium mill on the banks 
of the Dolores, the American Rare Metals Co., and to a num¬ 
ber of individual owners. The ore here seems much admixed 
with carbon from the immensely thick deposits of coal in the 
"Glades,” a portion of which would naturally drain into this 
region. In Uranium content this ore will average not quite 
one per cent. Sixteen miles northwest of Monticello, San 
Juan Co., Utah, is the Dry Valley district, in which a number 
of claims have been located ; this region is especially arid; con¬ 
flicting tales are told by prospectors, the most glowing being 
that the region is somewhat like the Paradox region in the 
quality and quantity of the ore, but water is very scarce and 
the railroad one hundred miles away, while in the Paradox the 
average distance of deposits from the railroad is about 60 
miles. Fittle space need be taken in describing the Green 
River deposits, nor those of Temple Rock, Utah, 45 miles 
south of Green River. Torn and dishevelled as the Colorado 
Carnotite fields undoubtedly are, they are regular and orderly 
compared with the tumbled masses of baked and parched lava, 
mud, rock and alkali that compose the Utah deposits. Ten 


( 10 ) 


miles from Green River Station, one of these deposits is found, 
with the ore in a coarse iron-specked sandstone, not in hori¬ 
zontal beds as in the Paradox, but in tiny stringers running 
from the surface with a 60-deg. dip, to a depth of six or ten 
feet, and ending abruptly. Very little systematic exploration 
work has been done. The Cisco deposits are even worse. 
Those below Thompson, Utah, near the Colorado border, 
should offer better promise of stratum uniformity, hence of 
finding profitable Carnotite deposits. 

MINING COSTS. 

Taken as a whole, it should be reiterated that the Carnotite 
ore resources are important commercially, but that they are 
extremely limited if measured in their capacity to produce, 
say 150 tons per month of ore averaging not less than 2% 
Uranium Oxide content. At present four tons of what should 
be shippable grade ore are thrown on the waste dump for 
every ton of ore that is shipped. The average cost of mining 
and sacking 2,000 pounds of Carnotite ore is $32.00, and this 
does not take account of mine depreciation, as it certainly 
should be made to do. The sacks cost $3.50 to $4.50 per ton of 
ore, the wagon hauling $20.00 per ton, the packing from many 
of the mines to wagon road costs $7.50 per ton, and the freight 
to Galveston from Placerville costs $9.50 per ton. If the ore is 
sampled in Denver $1.00 additional should be added to freight 
charge, and $3.50 to $6.00 per ton for sampling charge. The 
freight to European ports is from $3.60 to $5.00 per ton. The 
usual price paid for this ore has been about $2.00 per pound 
U 3 0, s , and when mesothorium seemed to frighten the radium 
makers the early part of 1913, and the price of radium bromide 
dropped from $71 to $69 per milligram, they began immedi¬ 
ately to slash the price paid to the ore supplier for Carno¬ 
tite, notwithstanding that the latter had received from the ore 
buyer only about eight per cent, of its contained values in 
Radium, Vanadium and Uranium. Since then the price of 
radium bromide has advanced tremendously, some quotations 
being $100 per milligram, but, strange to say, the radium- 
makers seem to think there is now very little relation be¬ 
tween the selling price of radium bromide and the price they 
wish to pay for Carnotite. Nevertheless, they are dependent 
upon Carnotite for their radium output! 

ORE PRODUCTION. 

The Carnotite shipped from the Paradox in 1911 aggre- 


(ii) 


gated 1,515 tons containing 26 tons of Uranium; in 1912 the 
output was 1,092 tons containing 22 tons Uranium. 1 he de¬ 
crease was due partly to inactivity of two corporate operators 
during part of 1912, and also partly because many of the 
rich surface “pockets” of Carnotite had been worked out and 
much exploration work was necessary. I he output for 1913 
will be about 1,200 tons, containing about 25 tons Uranium. 
If the mining is pushed energetically in 1914, the output should 
be about 2,000 tons, containing 40 tons Uranium. In order 
to produce Carnotite steadily and regularly, exploration and 
development work must be kept in advance of actual mining 
operations, and must be regarded as of prime importance. 
And this must, necessarily, affect the price of the ore. 

ORE VALUES. 

As has been stated already, Carnotite contains three valu¬ 
able constituents, namely, Vanadium, Uranium, and Radium. 
Vanadium. 

Vanadium has a multitude of uses, its chief use being as 
an alloy of iron, steel, copper and bronze, wherefore it is in 
much demand. Its effect in well deoxidized metals is: (1) 
About one-fifth of the alloy that is added to the metal, auto¬ 
matically scavanges the molten mass of nitride and oxide 
gases, which gases are poisonous and cause the minute holes 
from which rupture arises; (2) one-half of the remainder of 
the alloy unites with the carbonless portion of the metal, called 
ferrite, and toughens it still more; and (3) the balance of the 
alloy acts upon the carbides, strengthens them, and distrib¬ 
utes them evenly. Hence, Vanadium-treated metals are uni¬ 
form, close grained, tough and strong, and attain the maxi¬ 
mum in economy, safety and endurance. The cost of reduc¬ 
ing ordinary vanadium oxide to ferro-vanadium is about 68 
cents per pound of vanadium metal contents; the market price 
of ferro-vanadium is $2.50 per pound vanadium contents. 

Vanadium medicines are made and marketed by a Pitts¬ 
burgh concern; their therapeutic value is more than doubtful. 

Experiments are being made with Vanadium as a catalyz¬ 
ing agent in soils for the purpose of attracting nitrogen and 
hastening plant growth. 

Uranium. 

In the form of Sodium Uranate, Uranium is used for tint¬ 
ing glass, porcelain, and ceramics. In rich coloring, the Ura- 


(12) 


of the glass. Naturally such glass is highly radio-active. The 
price of Sodium Uranate is from $2.70 to $3.50 per pound, 
according to its purity or freedom from Vanadium. Its reduc¬ 
tion cost is about 90 cents per pound. 

E. de Haen, of Hanover, Germany, advertises ferro-ura- 
mium at a price of about $50 per pound, indicating very limited 
use. A Sheffield steel maker, a few years ago, used a com¬ 
plex Portuguese ore containing Uranium in making steel for 
the British Admiralty. The static and dynamic properties 
nate addition is sometimes as much as 25% of the weight 
were claimed to be so wonderful that the concern spent $60,000 
in trying to produce another heat of Uranium Steel, but in 
vain. 

The filament of the Madza Anyangle incandescent electric 
light is made of Uranium. 

OTHER RADIUM ORES. 

However, Carnotite and Pitchblende are not the only min¬ 
erals containing Radium. Under caption “Uranium Ores in 
Portugal, the “Mining World” (London) says: “It has now, 
however, been proved that Autunites (Uranium ores from 
Guarda, Portgual,) can successfully compete with pitch¬ 
blende; that the known deposits of pitchblende are not suffi¬ 
cient to cope with the world’s present demand for radium, 
even were all available ores placed on the market at once; 
that the most suitable ores for the extraction of radium are 
autunites; that the only known, exploited deposits of autunites 
are in Portugal; and whatever the output, the increasing de¬ 
mand throughout the world for this mineral can never be 
supplied; that the average value of a 1% autunite ore is £30, 
or at $4.85, $145.80, per ton, and that there is practically a 
free market.” Commenting, it may be observed that repre¬ 
sentative samples of this ore gave Uranium values varying 
from 0.18% to 2.5%, with an average of 0.5%, and even this 
low average has been attacked by an autunite mine share¬ 
holder as too high. 

The Australian Carnotite is little more than an incrusta¬ 
tion and powder on the faces, joints and crevices of a lode for¬ 
mation, which consists of magnetic titaniferous iron, magne¬ 
tite, etc., and quartz in association with black mica (biolite). 
Practically all the secondary Uranium minerals are encoun¬ 
tered, such as: 

Torbenite—(Copper Uranium Phosphate), 


(13) 


! Autunite—(Calcium Uranium Phosphate). 

Uranophane—(Hydrous Uranium-Calcium Silicate), 
Carnotite—(Potassium-Uranium Vanadate). 

Fergussonite—(Niobates of rare earths, Uranium, etc.), 
Gummite—(Hydrous Oxide of Uranium). 

Uranium Ochre, Monazite, etc. 

In the treatment of these ores, a preliminary leach of so¬ 
dium carbonate solution is recommended by Dr. Douglas 
Mawson, for the Australian Ministry of Mines, who is of opin¬ 
ion that primary Uranium minerals will be found at depth, 
such as Pitchblende. The prominence given to the “Vughs 
lined with crystallized quartz, often amethystine or smoky,’" 
as a feature of the Mount Gee portion of the lode, recalls the 
characteristic feature of the “Old Mexico” group of claims in 
Bull Canyon, also the Sundown, Uranium Bell, and Batchelor 
group. Vughs filled with high-grade Carnotite are frequently 
encountered in Long Park, but the lining is very soft, almost 
decomposed, and probably are only old water courses. 

Little is known of the Turkestan Carnotite; it is said to 
be low grade, not over 0.5% Uranium Oxide content. 

RADIO-ACTIVITY OF ORES. 

Rutherford and Soddy early suggested that radium is a 
disintegration product of one of the radio-active substances 
present in pitchblende, and from the fact that radium and Ura¬ 
nium are always found together that probably Uranium is 
the primary source of radium. If so, the amount of radium in 
a mineral always should be in a constant ratio to the amount 
of Uranium. This question was attacked experimentally by 
Boltwood, McCoy and Strutt, and the results obtained afford 
a direct and satisfactory proof that the amount of radium is 
directly proportional to the amount of Uranium. The amount 
of radium per gram of Uranium was found to be 3.4xl0" 7 gram. 
Consequently one gram of radium element is present in a min¬ 
eral containing 3,000 kilos (2.2046 pounds in a kilo) of Ura¬ 
nium. This means that 2,000 pounds of Uranium (metal) 
contains 330.64 milligrams of Radium element. (See “Radio¬ 
active Substances and their Radiations,” Rutherford, 1913.) 

ORE VALUES. 

Rutherford gives the radio-activity of 


Pitchblende, Joachimsthal .3.21xl0' 7 

Autunite, Autun .2.56 




Carnotite, Colorado . ...... ., . .2.34 

In comment, it should be pointed out that this latter could 
not have been a representative sample of Carnotite, otherwise 
the figure should have been 2.9xl0" 7 . 

Mme. Curie, using the electrical method (current was 
measured between two parallel plates, 8 cms. in diameter and 
3 cms. apart, when one plate was covered with a uniform 
layer of the active matter in a powdered state), made the fol¬ 
lowing determinations, the numbers giving the order of the 
saturation, or maximum, current in amperes: 

Pitchblende from Johanngeorgenstadt.. . .8.3xl0" u 
Pitchblende from Joachimsthal.7.0 


Pitchblende from Pzibram .6.5 

Pitchblende from Cornwall.. ,1.6 

Chalcolite .5.2 

Autunite .2.7 

Thorite.0.3 to 1.4 

Black Oxide of Uranium.2.6 

Carnotite, Colorado .6,2 


Recent determination of the ratio of Radium element to the 
Uranium content of the ore, in average grade Colorado Car¬ 
notite, compared with St. Joachimsthal pitchblende, adopting 
the latter as standard equilibrium, or 100%, give the Carnotite 
91%. On this basis, Mme. Curie’s figures give the compara¬ 
tive Ra/U ratio, for Carnotite, as almost 89%. A detailed 
report from authoritative sources will be published soon. The 
ores examined so far are all from the Long Park district. 

Two methods may be employed for examination of radia¬ 
tion of Carnotite ore (1) Photographic Plate, and (2) Ionising 
action of rays on surrounding gas, i. e., by electroscope. 

The photographic method has been displaced by the elec¬ 
trical method, because it usually takes a day’s exposure to 
appreciably darken the film, and this darkening may be pro¬ 
duced by rays not proceeding from the Uranium constituent 
of the ore. Again, the thickness and rapidity of the films used 
affects the photographic effect of the different types of radia¬ 
tions. However, this method is valuable in investigating 
curvature of the path of the rays when deflected by a mag¬ 
netic field. 

The electrical method is a rapid and accurate means of 
quantitatively examining the radiations over wide range, from 


(15) 











extremely small intensity to very high intensity. As radium Is 
manifested principally through its electrical properties, a few 
remarks as to how this effect is measured may interest. 

The radiations from Uranium and other radio-active mat- 
ter possess the property of discharging, or emitting, at great 
speed, electrified particles (whether the same be charged posi¬ 
tively or negatively). These rays produce positively and neg¬ 
atively charged carriers (called ions) throughout the volume 
of the gas surrounding the charged body, and the rate of pro¬ 
duction is proportional to the intensity of the radiation; while 
under a constant electric field these ions move through the 
gas with a uniform speed, this varying directly as the strength 
of the field. In the electric field, the positive ions travel to¬ 
wards the negative plate, and the negative ions towards the 
positive plate, causing a current through the gas. In a weak 
electric field, the ions take so long to travel between the elec¬ 
trodes that most of them recombine on the way. With in¬ 
crease of voltage, the ions move faster and a small number 
recombine. This results in an increase of the current and 
this reaches full value (called “saturation” current) when the 
electric field is strong enough to remove all the ions before 
appreciable recombination has taken place, and the value of 
this current will remain constant even though the voltage be 
largely increased. 

Samples of seventy-five Paradox Valley Carnotite ore ship¬ 
ments were assayed for Uranium Oxide contents bv one of 
the best known English analysts, and his results were checked, 
on the electroscope, by a prominent physicist. In 72 the 
figures tallied within 5% error allowance, and in all three 
differences the analyst was in error. This seems to demon¬ 
strate not only the remarkable accuracy of the electroscope, 
but also that the ratio of radium to uranium in these Carnotite 
ores is a constant ratio. 

METALLURGY OF CARNOTITE. 

The extremely fine state of division of Carnotite precludes 
successful ore dressing. Magnetic experiments have been un¬ 
successful. A method of sliming and subsequent attrition 
whereby the values, in the form of slimes, might be filter 
pressed or settled, lost one-third of the contained values. 
Crushing the ore and subsequent screening dry, gave negative 
results on works’ scale, although preliminary laboratory ex- 


06) 


CURRAN U HUDSON MINES 




peri merits gave promise of success. An elaboration of this 
method is to crush the ore coarsely and feed it through a re¬ 
volving cylindrical-shaped copper brush which removes the 
Carnotite incrustation from the sand grains, without breaking 
the latter, then screening through a seive having mesh too fine 
to permit the sand grains going through, thus separating the 
sand grains from the Carnotite, 

Leaching without agitation is impossible. Carbonate of 
sodium, rendering insoluble the lime present in the ore as sul¬ 
phate, is advantageous. Nevertheless, freely formed calcium 
sulphate is a great hindrance to clarification of liquors and the 
free washing of the pulp. The action of the acid on the clay¬ 
like substances present produces colloids, with disagreeable 
results. The clay present and the gases formed from the lime¬ 
stone form channels which are characterized by the colors left 
by the secondary precipitation along their course. No method 
depending upon difference in specific gravities may be em¬ 
ployed. 

However, a Denver concern is experimenting with low 
grade Carnotite ores trying to concentrate them by means of 
supposed difference in specific gravity of sand and Carnotite, 
the separation to be effected by an air blast through a linen 
sheet covering an apparatus resembling the Wilfley concen¬ 
trating table. 

It is difficult to conceive of an ore more susceptible of 
chemical treatment than Carnotite. In a solution of five parts 
water and one part c. p. sulphuric acid, 85% of the Vanadium 
and Uranium are in solution in 15 minutes, and the entire con¬ 
tents are in solution in 30 minutes. 

The following is a method of alkaline leach. The ore is 
ground to 14 mesh, is boiled under agitation with a 10% solu¬ 
tion of sodium carbonate until the values are in solution, as 
shown by the appearance of the pulp. This solution is yellow 
and contains the Uranium as the soluble double carbonate and 
the Vanadium as sodium vanadate (should there be a lower 
state of oxidation of either metal, as there probably will be, a 
preliminary oxidation would be necessary). From this solu¬ 
tion, which is drained off, or filtered off, the Uranium is pre¬ 
cipitated, with a solution of caustic acid as sodium uranate, 
which settles quickly and is filtered and dried. To the filtrate 
containing the Vanadium, milk of lime is added, which precip- 


(18) 


states 'the Vanadium as calcium canadate and renders the 
sodium carbonate caustic, an equivalent of calcium carbonate 
being precipitated at the same time. The caustic solution, 
after filtration of the calcium vanadate, is recarbonated by the 
carbon dioxide from the preparation of the caustic lime and 
used over. This method has the advantage of using a reagent, 
which is indifferent to the action of carbonates of lime and 
iron and has also the advantage of producing a high grade 
Uranium concentrate. - 

In 1890 O. P. Fritchele, of Denver (inventor and maker of 
the Fritchele 100-mile electric automobile), produced 500 
pounds of a compound of Vanadium and Uranium by an elec¬ 
trolytic-chlorine method. Samples of this compound will be 
examined to ascertain if the radium values remain therein. 

The Ohly process treats the Carnotite with sulphuric acid 
and sodium carbonate in excess to precipitate iron and alumi¬ 
num hydrates. The Uranium and Vanadium remains in solu¬ 
tion in the excess of sodium carbonate. Ammonia is added 
to precipitate the hydrated oxide of uranium, which is subse¬ 
quently ignited to uranium oxide, or sodium hydrate is added 
to produce sodium uranate. This method does not commend 
itself. 

The general plan of concentration and marketing of Car¬ 
notite, recommended by Prof. A. W. Forstall, S. J., Denver, 
in the Twelfth Biennial Report of the Bureau of Mines of 
Colorado, commends itself, namely, the preparation of sul¬ 
phates consisting of the sulphates of barium, calcium, lead, 
with radium sulphates, or Uranium and Vanadium oxides with 
numerous impurities. 

The U. S. Bureau of Mines, Denver, under direction of 
Dr. R. B. Moore and K. L. Kithil, has undertaken the problem 
of prevention of waste and of increased efficiency in Carnotite 
mining; they are attacking the problem in a spirit of enthu¬ 
siastic earnestness. 

RADIUM EXTRACTION. 

Carnotite residues, after acid treatment, may contain 
radium values in the form of insoluble sulphates. These are 
boiled with sodium carbonate solution, thus changing the 
values to carbonate, and after washing free from all sulphates 
are leached with hydrochloric acid. The mixed chlorides in 
solution are then purified to desired degree of concentration 
by fractional crystallization. The residues from the alkaline 


(19) 


extraction return the barium and radium values as carbonates. 
After washing to free the residues from sulphates, they are 
extracted with hydrochloric acid, and the radium and barium 
precipitated as sulphates. Further concentration could be un¬ 
dertaken by reconversion into carbonates, washing, re-extrac¬ 
tion as chlorides or bromides and fractional crystallization. 

The absorption process of Erich Ebler (Heidelberg, Ger¬ 
many), has for its object to isolate or separate radium, polo¬ 
nium, ionium, etc., by absorption by colloids, such as threads 
of acetyl-cellulose, or of trisulfid of arsenic, silicic acid, which 
colloids are concentrated by volatilization or calcination. 

A very active preparation of radium was produced at the 
Neulenbach Radium Works (Germany) by a combined acid 
and alkaline fusion process which extracts the radium direct 
from the minerals in the form of a crude sulphate. 

RADIO-ACTIVITY. 

Radio-activity is the manifestation of the disintegration of 
the atom, a process that is spontaneous and constant. In 
radium this disintegration is so intensely rapid that it may be 
observed easily and studied: witness the isolation and deter¬ 
mination of the physical and chemical properties of the emitted 
gas, known as radium emanation, a product of the transforma¬ 
tion of radium, while the continuous production from radium 
of the gas helium is added evidence in support of this theory. 

MARKETING OF RADIUM. 

The first commercial preparations of radium-bromide were 
produced by the Societe Centrale de Produits Chimiques, 44 
Rue des Ecoles, Paris, under the direction of Debierne. 

Dr. Giesel, Chemist of the Chininfabrik, Braunsweig, Ger¬ 
many, first put preparations of nearly pure radium salt on the 
market. Rutherford notes: “Many scientific workers in this 
way obtained nearly pure radium bromide at a price initially 
of less than one-tenth of the prices to-day. The exceedingly 
high price of radium at the present day (£16, or about $79, per 
milligram of pure radium bromide), bears no relation to the 
cost of separation from uranium minerals. The present price 
is artificial, and has resulted from the comparative rarity of 
deposits of pitchblende or uranium minerals containing fairly 
high percentage of uranium. The extensive use of radium for 
medical purposes as well as for physical and chemical experi¬ 
ments, has so far absorbed the output.” 


(20) 


In 1909 Lord Iveagh and Sir Ernest Cassel made a con¬ 
tract with the British Metalliferous Mines, Ltd., for 7^ grams 
of pure radium bromide to be supplied from the company’s 
mines, near Grampound Road, Cornwall, at the price of about 
$20 per milligram. 

USES OF RADIUM. 

The power of radium is stupendous. Dr. Lebon has rather 
fancifully illustrated it by stating that the energy contained 
in a piece of radium no bigger than a marble would propel a 
train along a line four and a half times the circumference of 
the earth. 

L. Frischauer discovered when sulphur is allowed to crys¬ 
tallize exposed to the action of radium, the number of centers 
of crystallization is greatly increased, rising to double that in 
specimens of sulphur, which were treated in exactly the same 
way, but were screened from the radium rays by lead foil. 

Sauberman says: 

“The inertness of radium emanation stands in direct oppo¬ 
sition to many of its other chemical and catalytical effects, 
which indicate the possession of enormous energy. Xot only 
is the emanation in a condensed condition luminous, but it 
causes glass, diamonds, willemite, sidotblend, kungite, and a 
hundred other substances, to fluoresce. Moreover, it discolors 
halogen salts, rock crystal, and diamonds. 

“The emanation contains 75% of the total energy of the 
radium bromide from which it was given off. It produces 
thermo-fluorescence in marble, calcium manganese, and rock 
crystal, blackens a photographic plate as if by daylight, and 
accelerates the crvstallization of sulphur and selenium ten¬ 
fold. 

“Organic substances are affected far more than inorganic. 
Paper becomes singed, celluloid brittle and opaque, and green 
leaves turn yellow, as a consequence of the change of the chlor¬ 
ophyll into xanthophyll. Whilst radium electrolyses water into 
hydrogen and oxygen, its emanation produces combination in 
a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen into water, even in the dark 
and at normal temperatures. This oxidation is unique in 
chemistry and is as wonderful as the decomposition of car¬ 
bonic acid, first observed by Ramsay, or the change of oxygen 
into ozone, an effect which can otherwise only be obtained 
by electric currents of great intensity.” 


(21) 


Radium has an assured place in therapeutics. The British! 
Radium Institute (1913) reports 657 cases they treated* as 
follows: 


Examined but not treated..38 

Recently treated and results not yet 


noted.,. .. 41 

Received prophylactic irradation 

only..-. 39 

- Hg 

Apparently cured . 53 

Cured.. .. 28 

Improved.-. 248 

- 329 

Not improved..... 70 

Dead . 85 

-—-— 155 


Abandoned treatment. 88 


All cases were accepted for treatment except where the pa¬ 
tient was actually moribund. In not a few cases marked as 
'‘abandoned,” treatment was given up because the patient had. 
been obliged to leave London, or was unable to defray the ex¬ 
pense of repeatedly traveling from the country to the Institute. 

From official government publications of Austria-Hungary, 
etc., it is given out that according to the experience obtained 
up to this day in radium therapeutics, the radium cure is par¬ 
ticularly advisable and has been recommended in the follow¬ 
ing cases, among other authorities by: 

Chronic Inflammation of the Dautzwitz, Falta, Gottleib, 


Joints; Chronic Articular and 
Muscular Rheumatism. 


Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma. 

Chronic Myocarditis. 

Chronic Eczema. 

Chronic Inflammations. 

Chronic Women’s Diseases; 

Climacterical Complaints. 
Chronic Empyema. 

Chronic Exsudative Pleuritis. 


Cudzent, His, Langhans, 
Kraus, Loewenthal, La- 
queur, Neusser, Noorden, 
Strasser, Sommer, Kemen, 
Winternitz, Strasburger, 
Schuppenhauer, Hoffman. 
Klemperer, Paul Lazarus. 

Barthels, Bulling, Langhans, 
Nagelschmidt. 

Kemen, Loewenthal. 

Bayet, Trautwein. 

Loewenthal. 

Eabre, Gudzent, Kemen. 

Bartels. 

Sal z man n. 













Uric Gout and similar disor¬ 
ders: 


Ischia,, Neuralgia, Neuritis. 


Nephritis. 

Sharp pains from Meseraica 
(spinal complaint). 

S1 e e p 1 e ss ness. 

Sexual Neurasthenia and simi¬ 
lar illnesses. 

Arterio-sclerosis '(signs of old 
age. 

Swelling, neoplasma. 


Dautwitz, Falta, Gottleib, 
Armstrong, Kable, Gud- 
zent, Heiner, K e m e n. 
Lang hans, Loewenthal, 
Mesernitzki, N e u s s e r, 
Noorden, Kdecki, Bergell, 
Schmidt, Deutelmoser, 
Paul L a z a r u s, Weiden- 
baum, Brasck. 

Dautwitz, Falta, Gottleib, 
Heiner, Langhans, Loe¬ 
wenthal, Neusser, Noor¬ 
den. 

Armstrong, Grin, Ei-chholz, 
Bergell. 

Gottleib, Selka, Stern, Stras- 
ser. 

Furstenberg, Heiner, Loe¬ 
wenthal. 

Gottleib, Heiner, Laqueur, 
Strasser, Walde. 

Noorden, Eichholz, Grin, 
Armstrong, Schiff. 

Bavet, Czerny, Degrais, Ex- 
ner, Heinatz, Holzknecht, 
Nabmacher, Wickham. 


Dr. S. Saubermann, of Berlin, summarizes the physiological 
effects of radium emanation (which is an oxidizing agent in¬ 
creasing the activity of the body’s ferments) as follows : 

1— Radium promotes the growth and multiplication of 

healthy cells, while morbid cells decay; 

2— Radium increases the secretion of urine; 


3—Radium stimulates the activity of the digestive tract, both 
in the stomach and intestines, and lessens chronic 
constipation; 

A —Radium increases the excretion of uric acid in the urine; 


5— Radium dilates, or expands, the blood vessels by excita¬ 

tion of the vaso-motor nerves; 

6— Radium diminishes the viscosity of the blood, i. e,, thins 

the blood; 


( 23 } 




7— Radium lowers the blood pressure; 

8— Radium increases metabolism, especially of hydrocarbons, 

as proved by measurements of the amount of carbonic 
acid excreted; 

9— Radium soothes the nerves and relieves insomnia; 

10— Radium increases sexual activity; 

11— Radium modifies the constitution of the blood, resulting in 

real and lasting improvement in simple anaemia; 

12— Radium stimulates the activity of the liver. 

The various salts, etc., of Radium are as follows: 

Radium Bromide (Ra Br 2 2H 2 0) contains 53.6% radium ele¬ 
ment, Ra. 

Radium Chloride (Ra Cl 2 ) contains 76.1% Radium element, 
Ra. 

Radium Carbonate (Ra C0 3 ) contains 79.0% Radium element, 
Ra. 

Radium Carbonate contains 79.0% Radium element, Ra. 

The radio-activity of Radium element, Ra., calling activity 
of Uranium unity, is 3,731,000; of Radium bromide, 2,000,000; 
etc. 

1 Milligram Radium element = 1.87 mgs. Radium Bromide 

= 1.42 mgs. Radium Sulfate 
= 1.31 mgs. Radium Chloride 
= 1.265 mgs. Radium Carbonate 

Wm. Allen Pusey, of the University of Chicago, observes: 
“What bio-chemical processes are set going by Radium or by 
the familiar forms of actinic energy, we are in no position to 
say. From experiments with radium on eggs, Schwartz pro¬ 
posed that all of the effects of radium on tissues were due to 
decomposition of lecithin. Hussakof suggests from experi¬ 
ments of Willcock, Zuelzer and Kornicke that oxygen in some 
not understood way plays a part in the process. There is 
every reason to believe that the process is not explicable in 
any simple chemical reaction. Radium rays do not produce 
an immediate effect upon living tissues, similar to the reduc¬ 
tion of silver salts, for example. They have an effect upon life 
processes of the cells and these after a comparatively long time 
produce the results recognized as radium reaction. In other 
words, the process is a vital process and one doubtless involv¬ 
ing all of the chemical complexity of cell life itself/’ 


( 24 ) 


1 he proper development of the American Carnotite in¬ 
dustry is dependent largely upon the establishment of a radium 
works in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore or Denver, that 
will absorb the ore output of the independent Carnotite mine 
operators, at a reasonable price. There is little business risk 
in forming such a radium business, because radium extraction 
from Carnotite is being done profitably and regularly in 
Europe; the new Underwood tariff will lower greatly the price 
of chemicals used in the extraction process; the American use 
of one of these European Radium-Carnotite extraction pro¬ 
cesses may be acquired, together with experienced radium 
chemists to supervise works’ operations; the use of radium is 
increasing rapidly in America, and physicians, surgeons and 
scientists, schools and colleges, are experimenting constantly 
to extend its use. 

Late in September, 1913, the American Radium Institute 
was formed, principally by Dr. Howard A. Kelly, the famous 
gynaecologist, of 1418 Eutaw Place, Baltimore, and James 
Douglas, of Phelps, Dodge Co. (copper), 99 John Street, New 
York City. It is the intention to make 5 grams of radium 
bromide from Colorado Carnotite, in a laboratory in Denver. 
The purpose of this Institute is similar to that of the British 
Radium Institute. Its home will be Baltimore, Maryland. 

The Committee for an International Radium Standard 
gives out the following: 

1 CURIE = quantity of radium emanation (0.60 cubic milli¬ 
meters at 0° C. and 760 mm. pressure) in equilibrium 
with 1 gram of radium element. 

This quantity gives a saturation current in an ioni¬ 
zation chamber of indefinite dimensions, of 2.67 mil¬ 
lion electrostatic units (0.89 milliampere). One Curie 
of emanation per liter would equal a concentration of 
2670 million Mache units. 

1 MILLICURIE = quantity of radium emanation in equili¬ 
brium with 1 milligram (1 thousandth of a gram) of 
radium element. 

1 MICROCURIE = quantity of radium emanation in equili¬ 
brium with 1 microgram (1 millionth of a gram) of 
radium element. 1 microcurie per liter equals a con¬ 
centration of about 2700 Mache units. 


( 25 ) 


1 MILLIGRAM MINUTE — quantify of radium emanation 
produced in 1 minute by 1 milligram of pure anhy¬ 
drous radium bromide. This quantity is 0.073 micro- 
curie and would give per liter a concentration of about 
180 Mache units. 

i ELECTROSTATIC UNIT (e. s. u.) current measure 
3,33 x 10- 10 (0.000000000333) ampere, 

\ MACHE UNIT (m. u.) = saturation ionization current due 
to radium emanation from a liter of solution of gas 
expressed in electrostatic units multiplied by 1000. 



( 26 ) 


Radium Products C 


o m p any 


CABLE ADDRESS 

iNEW YORK, N. Y. 
DENVER, COLO. 


COLOR ADIITM. 

BALTIMORE, MD. 
PLACERVILLE. COLO 



Cafnohte ore mines in Long Park, Paradox Valley, Hieroglyphic Canon, Cagle Basin* 
Ore Atkinson Creek, Lion Creek, La Sal Creek, Roc Creek, Montrose County* 

-and Big Canon, McIntyre District, San Miguel County-- 













DEC 20 1313 


RADIUM PRODUCTS COMPANY, 
Placerville, Colo., U. S. A., 

Mine and Sell Carnotite Ore. 


Terms of Sale: 

WEIGHT: Avoirdupois, 16 ounces to pound, 2000 pounds 
to ton; as shown on Through Export Bill of Lading if 
shipment is so made; otherwise, as shown on Certificate 
of Sampling. 

INSURANCE: To be effected by, for and at expense of 

Buyer. 

DELIVERY: Delivery shall be completed by Seller free 
on board railroad cars on Samplers’ Railroad Siding 
after the ore has been sampled. 

SAMPLING: Sampling by Henry E. Wood Ore Testing 
Co., Denver; Chamberlain N Dillingham Ore Co., Den¬ 
ver; American Smelting & Refining Co., Pueblo, or by 
other public sampler, at option of Seller. 

ASSAYING: By Ledoux & Co., 99 John St., New York, 

N. Y., or by U. S. Bureau of Standards, Washington, 
D. C., or by other assayer that may hereafter be agreed 

PAYMENT: Buyer shall establish a banking credit, 
through his home bank, with the bank designated by 
the Seller, and in manner satisfactory to Seller’s Bank 
and to Seller. Seller may make Sight Draft upon the 
Buyer, through Seller’s bank, for the total amount of 
the invoice, and shall attach to said Sight Draft the fol¬ 
lowing documents, to wit: 

1: Through Export Bill of Lading, in duplicate, properly 
endorsed, or proper Railroad Bill of Lading; 

2: Certificate of Sampling; 

3: Certificate of Assay; 

4: Certified copy of Invoice. 

It is specifically understood and agreed by Buyer and Seller 
that these documents are final and conclusive. 


( 28 ) 









/ 










